Clipeus

Pliny the Elder also describes the custom of having a bust-portrait of an ancestor painted on a clipeus, and having it hung in a temple or other public place.

From this round bas-reliefs in a medallion on sarcophagi and in other forms are known as imago clipeata or "clipeus portraits",[2] a term usually restricted to Roman art.

All troops adopted the auxiliary oval (and sometimes round or hexagonal) shield (parma or clipeus).

The edges of the shield were bound with stitched rawhide, which shrank as it dried, improving structural cohesion.

[4] The clipeus virtutis, Latin for "shield of bravery", was awarded to Augustus for his "courage, clemency, justice and piety" by the senate and displayed in the Curia Julia.