Hoop crown

[3] Charlemagne (742–814) possibly wore a hoop crown, although the obscurities of contemporary portraits, in particular on seals, mean that this cannot be stated with certainty.

[9] The features most Carolingian crowns had in common were "cap or bands over the head, edge-bands, and pendilia".

[6] In both cases, the object of adopting a hoop crown was not to appear to occupy a position of inferiority to the Holy Roman Emperor.

[10] In addition, William had sceptre and virga created, resembling the imperial insignia.

For example, the 15th-century kings of France wore crowns of the lilly type, a collar decorated with four lilies.