[1][2] Because the larvae are not able to feed on leaves, they are highly dependent on fruits as a food source and thus have a significant impact on crops.

Adaptive behavior such as diapause and multiple generations per breeding season have allowed this moth to persist even during years of bad climatic conditions.

Today, the codling moths are spread all over the world, ranging from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, and islands in the Pacific.

Various stages of the moth's life history, from eggs to pupae, can be found on host plants which the larvae feed on.

[4] Although apples are their dominant food source, they are polyphagous, feeding on a wide variety of fruits from pear, walnut, quince, apricot, peaches, plums, cherries, and chestnuts.

However, the caterpillar is exposed and susceptible to predation, parasitization, drying up, and even energy depletion during this searching period.

Methods of resistance include thickening of the epidermis of the fruit and using stony cells to protect the seed.

Their ability to copulate and oviposit are unaffected, and embryonic development in eggs is not affected by lack of feeding behavior of the parent moths.

Females favor laying eggs at the upper part of the tree near the edges of the branches, where fruits are most commonly located.

[3] The karyotype of codling moths has shown a diploid system (2n=56), which means the offspring receives two sets of chromosome, one from each parent.

The eggs are glued onto the leaf by the sticky substance secreted by the female, but the caterpillars are small and light enough to be washed away by rain or blown off the tree by wind.

First generation caterpillars secrete smoother and more delicate silk, and thus the cocoon is covered with finer material.

[3] Diapause, or a period of suspended development, occurs in codling moth caterpillars if the climatic conditions or food availability are unfavorable.

[3] For first generation larvae, a greater percentage of the caterpillars entered diapause if they did not pupate by the end of June or beginning of July.

[3] Adult moths are generally sedentary and tend to spend the day resting on leaves or branches.

[12] Such wide range of flight behavior is an adaptive characteristic; their habitat is usually determined by the availability of the fruit, so there is normally no need to travel far, but if the fruits are spread out in a patchy manner, the moths are capable of traveling longer distances to find food and re-colonize.

Woodpeckers are especially significant predators because they find caterpillars from hidden crevices beneath the bark and branches of host trees.

A linear log time/mortality relationship has been found, which indicates that the longer the larva remains in contact with the bioinsecticide sprayed surface, the higher the degree of infection.

Cydia pomonella granulovirus works most effectively when taken up by neonate larvae, so the bioinsecticide should be applied in concordance to the hatching time schedule of the eggs.

[22] Some colonies of codling moths have developed resistance against the commonly used Cydia pomonella granulovirus-M isolate.

(E,E)-2,4-decadienal is a corresponding aldehyde for (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate and is released as a defense mechanism by the fifth instar larvae of the European apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea.

[26] Another case study at Codling Moth Areawide Management (CAMP) project sites in Washington, California, and Oregon showed that the number of hectares of farms treated with mating disruption insecticides to control codling moths has grown exponentially from 1990 to 2000.

An experiment conducted over 5 years showed a significant decrease in the number of apples damaged by codling moth.

[28] Particle films are hydrophobic solutions used to spray crops and plants to prevent damage from pathogens and arthropod pests.

[citation needed] Successful development of synthetic fruit volatiles has led to increased control of codling moths.

[31] In addition to IGRs, reduced-risk pesticides are also used to control codling moth population in apple orchards.

Low genetic structuration and high rate of gene flow have led to a rapid spread of resistance in European populations.

Glutathione-S-transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes a detoxification process involving a conjugation of glutathione into xenobiotic substrates.

The codling moth is not a great candidate for biological pest control, as the larvae are well protected within the fruit for the majority of development.

Parasitism of overwintering codling moth cocoons has reached up to 70%, but most field tests have not demonstrated a dramatic result.