Key influences are said to include Alfred P. Sloan, Henry Ford, James McKinsey of the eponymous accounting firm, and Frederick Winslow Taylor.
It is characterised by some systems thinkers according to the following attributes: Perspective: Top-down and hierarchical Design: Organisations divided into (ostensibly) independent functional silos.
A separation spearheaded by Frederick Winslow Taylor Measures: Arbitrary targets analysed by binary comparison Ethos: Control of staff Change: Plans delivered by PRINCE2 methodology Motivation: Control-by-seduction (carrot) and control-by-fear (stick) Attitude to suppliers and customers: Contractual.
[7] In the 21st century John Seddon in particular has been deeply critical of successive UK governments' propagation of command-and-control thinking in the NHS, local authorities, and other public services.
Organisations credited with having moved away from the command-and-control paradigm to a systems-thinking philosophy include Harley Davidson and Aviva, in addition to many Japanese companies, such as Toyota, Honda, and Panasonic.