Complex vertebral malformation

Complex vertebral malformation or CVM is a lethal hereditary syndrome found in Holstein cattle.

[2] Unusually, Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell was a carrier for two genetic diseases, CVM and Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD).

[2] Scientists therefore believe that the mutation responsible for CVM occurred either in Penstate Ivanhoe Star, or somewhere in his maternal family.

[2] Because of the wide international usage of Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell and the large number of animals descending from him, the CVM gene is found in Holstein cattle throughout the world.

[2][3] CVM analysis found the bovine SLC35A3 to be the first nucleotide-sugar transportation regulating gene also responsible in the formation of vertebrae and ribs.

[3] Diagnose based on just visual examination of a calf may be difficult due to the wide variety in the expression of anomalies, and a definite diagnosis requires DNA testing.

This culling led to a period of slowed progress in dairy breeding in a number of European countries.