In genetics, two organisms that differ in only one locus and a linked segment of chromosome are defined as congenic.
Typically selection for either phenotype or genotype is performed prior to each back-cross generation.
In this manner either an interesting phenotype, or a defined chromosomal region assayed by genotype, is passed from the donor strain onto an otherwise uniform recipient background.
Congenic mice or rats can then be compared to the pure recipient strain to determine whether they are phenotypically different if selection was for a genotypic region, or to identify the critical genetic locus, if selection was for a phenotype.
Speed congenics can be produced in as little as five back-cross generations,[2] through the selection at each generation of offspring that not only retain the desired chromosomal fragment, but also 'lose' the maximum amount of background genetic information from the donor strain.