The examples throughout this article employ the convention whereby the conjuncts of coordinate structures are marked using square brackets and bold script.
Data of this sort could easily be expanded to include every lexical and phrasal category.
Whether or not coordinate structures should be analyzed in terms of the basic tree conventions employed for subordination is an issue that divides experts.
The drawback to the flat analysis, however, is that the theory of syntax must be augmented beyond what is necessary for standard subordinate structures.
The layered analysis has the advantage that there is no need to augment the syntax with an additional principle of organization, but it has the disadvantage that it does not sufficiently accommodate our intuition that coordination is fundamentally different from subordination.
Each of the following subsections briefly draws attention to an unexpected aspect of coordination.
These aspects are less than fully understood, despite the attention that coordination has received in theoretical syntax.
That the indicated groupings are indeed possible becomes evident when or is employed: A theory of coordination needs to be in a position to address nesting of this sort.
Hence since the constituent is widely assumed to be the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis, such data seem to require that the theory of coordination admit additional theoretical apparatus.
Two examples of the sort of apparatus that has been posited are so-called conjunction reduction and right node raising (RNR).
These complete phrases or clauses are then reduced down to their surface appearance by the conjunction reduction mechanism.
The plausibility of these mechanisms is NOT widely accepted as it can be argued that they are ad hoc attempts to solve a problem that plagues theories that take the constituent to be the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis.
In light of non-constituent conjuncts however, the helpfulness of coordination as a diagnostic for identifying constituents can be dubious.
Coordination is sensitive to the linear order of words, a fact that is evident with differences between forward and backward sharing.
The underline draws attention to a constituent that mostly precedes the coordinate structure but that the initial conjunct "cuts into".
In Transformational Grammar, the interaction of coordination and extraction (e.g. wh-fronting) has generated a lot of interest.
[12] For example: There are other apparent exceptions to the Coordinate Structure Constraint and the Across-the-Board generalization, and their integration to existing syntactic theory has been a long-standing disciplinary desideratum.
[14] Among the Germanic languages, pseudo-coordination occurs in English, Afrikaans, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.
[19] メアリーMaryMary-が-ga-NOM[[トム-に[[Tom-ni[[Tom-toりんご-をringo-oapple-ACC二-つ]-とfuta-tsu]-totwo-CL]-and[ボブ-に[Bob-ni[Bob-toバナナ-をbanana-obanana-ACC三-本]]san-bon]]three-CL]]あげたagetagaveメアリー -が {[[トム-に} りんご-を 二-つ]-と [ボブ-に バナナ-を 三-本]] あげたMary -ga {[[Tom-ni} ringo-o futa-tsu]-to [Bob-ni banana-o san-bon]] agetaMary -NOM {[[Tom-to} apple-ACC two-CL]-and [Bob-to banana-ACC three-CL]] gaveMary gave two apples to Tom and three bananas to Bob.There are two classes of adjectives in Japanese: i-adjectives and na-adjectives.
安いyasui安いyasui安くてyasukute安くてyasukute安全なanzenna安全なanzenna安全でanzende安全でanzendeWhen i-adjectives are in -te form, the final い -i is dropped and くて -kute is added as a suffix instead.
On the contrary, when na-adjectives are in -te form, the final な -na is dropped and で -de is added as a suffix.
ラーメンramenramen-は-wa-TOP[安-くて[yasu-kute[cheap-and美味しい]oishii]tasty]ラーメン -は [安-くて 美味しい]ramen -wa [yasu-kute oishii]ramen -TOP [cheap-and tasty]Ramen is cheap and tasty.このkonothis道michiroad-は-wa-TOP[安全-で[anzen-de[safe-and綺麗だ]kirei da]beautiful]この 道 -は [安全-で 綺麗だ]kono michi -wa [anzen-de {kirei da}]this road -TOP [safe-and beautiful]This road is safe and beautiful.There are three classes of verbs in Japanese: ru-verbs, u-verbs and irregular verbs.
The te-form of verbs is a lot more complicated than that of adjectives, for the purpose of this Wikipedia page, we will just discuss the coordinator how it's used in Japanese.
Unlike Japanese, articles dà and kóo can be used to coordinate other word categories like adjectives and nominalised verbs.
[20] ÀbêokùtáAbeokutadà/kóoand/orÀbúujaAbujadàandIlòor̃íIlorindà/kóoand/orÌbàadànIbadanÀbêokùtá dà/kóo Àbúuja dà Ilòor̃í dà/kóo ÌbàadànAbeokuta and/or Abuja and Ilorin and/or IbadanAbeokuta and/or Abuja and Ilorin and/or IbadanWánnànThisrìigáadresstánàà3SG.F.PROGdàwithkálàacolourjáareddà/kóoand/orkóor̃èegreenWánnàn rìigáa tánàà dà kálàa jáa dà/kóo kóor̃èeThis dress 3SG.F.PROG with colour red and/or greenThis dress has red and green colourCînEatingnáamà-nmeat-ofàládèepigdàandshândrinkinggíyàabeerCîn náamà-n àládèe dà shân gíyàaEating meat-of pig and drinking beerEating and drinking beerVP sentences are coordinated asyndetically.
Essentially, these consist of coordinators in the language that cannot appear to the left of or inside the first conjunct.
The second example shown below (marked with an asterisk) is ungrammatical because, as correctly predicted by the hypothesis, syntactic transformations are not applicable to word-internal structures.
[23] LisiLisishiAUXyionegeCL[lu-shi]NPlaw-teacherjianand[yi-shi]NPheal-teacherLisi shi yi ge [lu-shi]NP jian [yi-shi]NPLisi AUX one CL law-teacher and heal-teacherLisi is a lawyer and doctor*Lisishiyige[lu-jian-yi]-shi]N*Lisi shi yi ge [lu-jian-yi]-shi]N*Lisi AUX one CL law-and-heal-teacherHowever, it is important to note that Verb-Object compounds are an exception to this hypothesis.