There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government, which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service.
[3] Every corporation incorporated in California must have a chairman of the board or a president (or both), as well as a secretary and a chief financial officer.
[6] In British English, the title of managing director is broadly synonymous with that of chief executive officer.
[12][13] Most Japanese companies also have statutory auditors, who operate alongside the board of directors in supervisory roles.
The typical structure of executive titles in large companies includes the following:[12][13][14] 商人 使用者 商業使用人 使用者 労働者 被用者 被雇用者 The top management group, comprising jomu/sangmu and above, is often referred to collectively as "cadre" or "senior management" (幹部 or 重役; kambu or juyaku in Japanese; ganbu or jungyŏk in Korean).
For example, although there is a Korean translation for "chief operating officer" (최고운영책임자, choego unyŏng chaegimja), not companies have yet adopted it with the exception of a few multi-nationals such as Samsung and CJ (a spin-off from Samsung), while the CFO title is often used alongside other titles such as bu-sajang (SEVP) or Jŏnmu (EVP).
Although the two titles are very similar in intent and usage, there are several legal distinctions: shikkō yaku make their own decisions in the course of performing work delegated to them by the board of directors, and are considered managers of the company rather than employees, with a legal status similar to that of directors.
A chief value officer (CVO) is introduced in companies where business processes and organizational entities are focused on the creation and maximization of value.
Approximately 50% of the S&P 500 companies have created a chief strategy officer (CSO) in their top management team to lead strategic planning and manage inorganic growth, which provides a long range perspective versus the tactical view of the COO or CFO.
This function often replaces a COO on the C-Suite team, in cases where the company wants to focus on growth rather than efficiency and cost containment.
A chief administrative officer (CAO) may be found in many large complex organizations that have various departments or divisions.
However, this and many other nontraditional and lower-ranking titles are not universally recognized as corporate officers, and they tend to be specific to particular organizational cultures or the preferences of employees.
This is relatively common in NGOs and the development aid sector when the CEO or Project Director is not a person with a strong technical background related to the aid program focus such as economic development, renewable energy, human rights, agriculture, WASH, emergency responses, etc.