[3][2] All forms of focal cortical dysplasia lead to disorganization of the normal structure of the cerebral cortex: Recent studies have demonstrated that FCD types 2a and 2b result from somatic mutations in genes that encode components of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.

[4] Mutations in these genes lead to enhanced mTOR pathway signaling at critical periods in brain development.

[citation needed] Seizures in FCD are likely caused by abnormal circuitry induced by the presence of DNs and BCs.

Epilepsy surgery to remove areas of FCD is a viable treatment option for appropriate candidates.

When a cortical dysplasia is a cause of epilepsy, then seizure medications (anticonvulsants) are a first line treatment.