[2] Farmers in this practice encounter issues related to the tongue sole's pathogen susceptibility and uneven sex ratio.
[3] Female tongue soles grow up to 2-4 times larger and faster than males, making them more desirable for aquaculture.
[4] However, the sex ratio of C. semilaevis populations in both the wild and aquaculture environments is male-skewed due to the occurrence of pseudomales[5] or individuals with female ZW chromosomes that become physiologically male.
[11] Prior to sex determination, males and females have differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to muscle development.
[11] When exposed to higher temperatures, males, females, and pseudomales have hundreds of DEGs in common that are mainly involved in biological processes and molecular functions.