In the former it typically refers to software and activities related to storing, retrieving, or acting on data housed in a database or other repository.
For example, administrators may have the ability to remove, edit and add data, while general users may not even have "read" rights if they lack access to particular information.
), might require the use of different methods and languages, and many of these repositories stored their content in different and incompatible formats.
Such standards include SQL (1974- ), ODBC (ca 1990- ), JDBC, XQJ, ADO.NET, XML, XQuery, XPath (1999- ), and Web Services.
Some of these standards enable translation of data from unstructured (such as HTML or free-text files) to structured (such as XML or SQL).