In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated dat, or sometimes d when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "Maria Jacobo potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".
Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition "to" for (among other uses) both indirect objects (give to) and directions of movement (go to), the term "dative" has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative.
[4][5] The dative case is rare in modern English usage, but it can be argued that it survives in a few set expressions.
The normal word order in German is to put the dative in front of the accusative (as in the example above).
However, since the German dative is marked in form, it can also be put after the accusative: Ich schickte das Buch dem Mann(e).
Certain German prepositions require the dative: aus (from), außer (out of), bei (at, near), entgegen (against), gegenüber (opposite), mit (with), nach (after, to), seit (since), von (from), and zu (at, in, to).
Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch(e) (dative: The book is lying on the table), but Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch (accusative: I put the book onto the table).
In addition the four prepositions [an]statt (in place of), trotz (in spite of), während (during), and wegen (because of) which require the genitive in modern formal language, are most commonly used with the dative in colloquial German.
However: In this sentence, Freund is the indirect object, but, because it follows an (direction), the accusative is required, not the dative.
Common examples are antworten (to answer), danken (to thank), gefallen (to please), folgen (to follow), glauben (to believe), helfen (to help), and raten (to advise).
Instead a special construction called "impersonal passive" must be used: Mir wird geholfen, literally: "To me is helped."
German can use two datives to make sentences like: Sei mir meinem Sohn(e) gnädig!
The articles in the Greek dative are The dative case, strictly speaking, no longer exists in Modern Greek, except in fossilized expressions like δόξα τω Θεώ (from the ecclesiastical τῷ Θεῷ δόξα, "Glory to God") or εν τάξει (ἐν τάξει, lit.
In Russian, the dative case is used for indicating the indirect object of an action (that to which something is given, thrown, read, etc.).
This is usually achieved with the preposition κ + destination in dative case; К врачу, meaning "to the doctor."
[clarification needed] Unusual in other Indo-European branches but common among Slavic languages, endings of nouns and adjectives are different based on grammatical function.
For example, in Polish, 'syn' ("son") and 'ojciec' ("father") are both masculine singular nouns, yet appear as syn → synowi and ojciec → ojcu in the dative.
Lithuanian nouns preserve Indo-European inflections in the dative case fairly well: (o-stems) vaikas -> sg.
Adjectives in the dative case receive pronominal endings (this might be the result of a more recent development): tas geras vaikas -> sg.
The dative case in Latvian underwent further simplifications – the original masculine endings of both nouns and adjectives have been replaced with pronominal inflections: tas vīrs -> sg.
In both Latvian and Lithuanian, the main function of the dative case is to render the indirect object in a sentence: (lt) aš duodu vyrui knygą; (lv) es dodu [duodu] vīram grāmatu – I am giving a book to the man.
to him having walked in, all stood up; (lt) jai miegant, visi dirbo – while she slept, everybody was working, lit.
In modern standard Lithuanian, Dative case is not required by prepositions, although in many dialects it is done frequently: (dial.)
Other verbs whose indirect objects are marked by the dative case in Armenian are show, reach, look, approach... Eastern Armenian also uses the dative case to mark the time of an event, in the same way English uses the preposition at, as in Meet me at nine o' clock.
[9] [1] میں ma͠i ہم ham تو tū تم tum آپ āp یہ yah یے ye وہ vah وے ve جو jo کون kaun مجھے mujhe ہمیں hamẽ تجھے tujhe تمھیں tumhẽ اسے ise انہیں inhẽ اسے use انہیں unhẽ جسے jise جنہیں jinhẽ کیسے kise کنھیں kinhẽ The table below shows the oblique cases of Hindustani for the nouns boy and girl which take in the dative case-marker after them to assign the combination of the oblique case and the case-marker the dative case.
[1] In the examples below the dative pronoun passes the subjecthood test of subject-oriented anaphora binding.
However, the allative case can fulfill essentially the same role as dative, beyond its primary meaning of directional movement (that is, going somewhere or approaching someone).
In the Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Tsez, the dative also takes the functions of the lative case in marking the direction of an action.
An example with the ditransitive verb "show" (literally: "make see") is given below: Кидбākidb-āgirl:OBL-ERGужихъорuži-qo-rboy-POSS-DAT/LATкIетIуkʼetʼucat:[III]:ABSбиквархо.b-ikʷa-r-xoIII-see-CAUS-PRESКидбā ужихъор кIетIу биквархо.kidb-ā uži-qo-r kʼetʼu b-ikʷa-r-xogirl:OBL-ERG boy-POSS-DAT/LAT cat:[III]:ABS III-see-CAUS-PRES"The girl shows the cat to the boy.
Verbs of perception or emotion (like "see", "know", "love", "want") also require the logical subject to stand in the dative/lative case.