Art school

In the West there have been six major periods of art school curricula,[1] and each one has had its own hand in developing modern institutions worldwide throughout all levels of education.

Up through the nineteenth century, these academies multiplied through both Europe and North America, and art began to become about both talent and intellect.

[1] The formalist curriculum began in the mid-twentieth century, and focused on the basic components of artwork, such as "color, shape, texture, line - and a concern with the particular properties of a material or medium".

[1] Although the expressive curriculum originated at the same time as the formalist one,[citation needed] it focuses on completely different aspects of art.

[1] The conceptual curriculum began in the late-twentieth century, and focused not only on creating artwork, but also on presenting and describing the thought process behind the work.

This is when the idea of critiquing others' works for educational purposes became popularized in North America (as the concept had been shut down quickly in Europe).

Newer programs can include graphic design, filmmaking, graffiti art, and certain kinds of digital media.

In recent years a number of art schools have begun to offer some or all of their curricula online, which by nature, transcends national boundaries.

[6] As with on-ground schools, many of the majors involve computer-based work, such as compositions created in Photoshop, Illustrator, or 3D-Studio Max.

When online courses require production of traditional drawings or other such materials, they usually are photographed or scanned for submission and review by instructors.

[7] A study done by Bryan Goodwin that focused on the "Mozart effect", which refers to the idea that listening to classical music is beneficial toward mental and intellectual development, discovered that art education is useful to students of any age.

[8] It was discovered that learning both music and art within one's education were helpful in processing symptoms for those with PTSD, anxiety, and depression.

The most highly rated schools belong to a consortium formed in 1991 and called the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD).

Cooper Union in New York City is among the most selective of art schools, admitting 4%, with every student on half scholarship.

The Yale Daily News reported on Thursday, February 1, 2007, that the School had 1215 applications for its class of 2009 and would offer admission to fifty-five students.

The final and most common type of art school, a state supported or private program, would be at a university or college.

These programs tend to emphasize a more general degree in art and do not require a major in a specific field, but might offer concentrations.

[15][16] The teaching of visual art at Mount Allison University can be traced back to the opening of the Women's Academy in 1854.

Established in 1895, The Owens is Canada’s oldest university fine arts museum and the custodian of an important collection that span the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries.

Others were called "école gratuite de dessin" (free school for drawing) and were devoted to the education of arts and craft artists.

Currently, there are 45 national or territorial public schools of art in France, which deliver bachelor (DNA) and master (DNSEP or DNSAP) degrees.

Fine and applied arts have since formed key sectors of learning, although the emphasis has shifted in one direction or the other over the centuries.

These schools offer programs in various visual arts disciplines, contributing significantly to the cultural and artistic heritage of the country.

Gerrit Rietveld Academie was founded in 1924 in Amsterdam with a main focus on De Stijl and Bauhaus at that time.Art schools have had a history in Sweden since the first half of the 18th century.

In the case of wholly freestanding institutions, degree validation agreements in liaison with a university have long been the custom for Bachelor of Arts (Hons) level upward.

[18] Most specialist institutions in the United Kingdom can trace their histories back to the nineteenth century or beyond, originating usually from government initiatives.

The school was initiated by Simon Admiraal (Art Teacher from Jakarta Lyceum), and Ries Mulder (Hollands Artist) in the year 1947.

Art schools in Australia are mostly located within Australian universities as a result of the Dawkins higher education reforms of the late 1980s.