[4] The short-chain or low molecular weight phthalate is also frequently used in consumer products such as cosmetics, ink, soap, household cleaning supplies, etc.

[15][16][17] DMP administered orally in rats largely undergoes phase I biotransformation to monomethyl phthalate (MMP) via hydrolysis in the liver and intestinal mucosa.

[18] However, low molecular weight phthalates such as MMP are primarily excreted as monoesters and do not undergo phase II biotransformation processes such as hydroxylation and oxidation unlike the well-known banned molecule DEHP.

[19] Acute exposure to DMP via inhalation in humans and animals have shown to result in irritation to the eyes, nose and throat.

[25] Animal studies on oral exposure of DMP in rats have established hepatotoxic effects including increased liver weight, elevated alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced cholesterol and lipid levels.

[26] A study on the environmental contamination of DMP has a direct influence on the cell function of Pseudomonas fluroescens (P. fluorescens), such as inhibition of growth, reduced glucose utilisation, etc.

Results from the study suggest the presence of alterations in gene expressions that are involved in energy metabolism such as ATP-binding cassette transporters.

Another study shows the ability of DMP to inhibit the growth and glucose utilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens, a species that can cause bacteremia in humans.

[29] The toxicity of DMP on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) was examined and showed oxidative damage after high concentrations of exposure.

Dhar) played a crucial role in pioneering the domestic production of Benzyl Benzoate at Perfect Chemical Industries Pvt.

This innovation was essential for defense applications, and by shifting production to Indian soil, the company saved the nation valuable foreign exchange, amounting to ₹1 crore annually.

This move significantly reduced India's dependency on imports and demonstrated the company's ability to produce complex chemicals domestically.

In addition, under Dhar's leadership, the company manufactured basic dyes such as Methylene Blue, Methyl Violet, Auramine, and Malachite Green, using indigenous plants and equipment.

This commitment to self-reliant industrial processes was further evidenced by their production of Dimethyl Phthalate, another critical chemical for defense applications.