Drosophila innubila is a species of vinegar fly restricted to high-elevation woodlands in the mountains of the southern USA and Mexico,[1] which it likely colonized during the last glacial period.

[3] Male-killing by these Wolbachia results in the offspring of flies being entirely female, the biological sex with the higher reproductive output.

If bacterial densities are low enough, females begin to produce males in spite of being infected with male-killing Wolbachia.

[11] The genome of D. innubila was sequenced for a study in 2019, and boasts a very high quality of assembly, rivalling that of the classic genetic model Drosophila melanogaster.

This study highlighted the importance of the interaction between D. innubila and its viruses as implied by patterns of immune evolution in antiviral genes.

Notably, natural selection on the immunity and antiviral pathways in D. innubila differ markedly from D. melanogaster, implying divergent evolutionary pressures.

[4] In some mushroom-feeding Drosophila species, such as D. guttifera and D. neotestacea, the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin B has been pseudogenized.