In some cases, the term may refer to the situation where two unions claim the right to organize the same workers.
Many countries outlaw dual unionism in their national, state or local labor relations acts.
The Industrial Workers of the World, for example, advocates dual unionism (although the behavior is called 'dual cardism').
In the United States, communists, socialists and other political organizations have been accused of engaging in dual unionism.
[2] Although rarely stated as such, the ejection by the American Federation of Teachers of several locals in the 1930s for communist domination and factionalism is another example of a struggle over dual unionism.