[1] Diffusion along both the grain boundary and in the lattice may be modeled with an Arrhenius equation.
The ratio of the grain boundary diffusion activation energy over the lattice diffusion activation energy is usually 0.4–0.6, so as temperature is lowered, the grain boundary diffusion component increases.
The effective diffusion coefficient can be modeled using Hart's equation when lattice diffusion is dominant (type A kinetics): where Grain boundary diffusion is significant in face-centered cubic metals below about 0.8 Tmelt (Absolute).
Line dislocations and other crystalline defects can become significant below ~0.4 Tmelt in FCC metals.
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