Emil Pfeiffer (1 March 1846 – 13 July 1921) was a German physician and pediatrician.

He studied medicine at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, and Berlin.

As a pediatrician he dealt with issues of infant nutrition, campaigned for the establishment of children's homes and crèches.

He is known for describing infectious mononucleosis (also known as "mono," "glandular fever," and "kissing disease"), an Epstein–Barr virus-induced infectious disease of the lymphatic tissue that also bears his name—Pfeiffer's disease.

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