Different gene mutation sites in head and neck cancer between western countries and Taiwan have been reported.

[8] Surgeons must provide adequate specimens including the full thickness of the tumors and adjacent uninvolved mucosa for correct histopathology diagnosis.

[9] Epithelioma cuniculatum (also known as Carcinoma cuniculatum,[11]: 654  and Ackerman tumor[12]) is a subtype of verrucous carcinoma,[13] characterized by well-differentiated epithelial cells which lack cytological atypia, but display a blunt papillary/pebbly surface and keratin-filled crypts extending deep into the connective tissue.

[14] Surgery is considered the treatment of choice, but the extent of surgical margin and the adjuvant radiotherapy are still controversial.

Surgical excision alone is effective for controlling VC, but elective neck dissection is not necessary even in patients in the advanced stages.