Ernst Leberecht Wagner (12 March 1829 – 10 February 1888) was a German pathologist who was a native of Dehlitz, a town in the Burgenlandkreis district of Saxony-Anhalt.

From 1877 until 1888 he was a professor of pathology and "special therapy" (internal medicine) at Leipzig.

Wagner was considered an excellent teacher, and two of his better known assistants were Adolf von Strümpell (1853–1925) and Paul Flechsig (1847–1929).

His best written effort was a textbook on pathology called Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, which was co-authored with Johann Paul Uhle (1827–1861), and published in seven editions and translated into several languages.

Wagner made contributions in his research of uterine cancer and embolisms associated with blood vessels of the lung.