Espiritu Santo languages

The Espiritu Santo languages (alternatively Santo languages) are a group of North Vanuatu languages spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu.

Tryon (2010) considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.

[1] Two lists of Espiritu Santo languages from Tryon (2010) and François (2015) are provided below.

They are:[1] The following list of 38 Espiritu Santo languages is from Alexandre François (2015:18-21).

John Lynch (2019)[2] proposes the following classification scheme for the Espiritu Santo languages, with the development of bilabial consonants to linguolabials as the primary marker of the "Nuclear Santo" group: