Ettingshausen effect

[1] Albert von Ettingshausen and his PhD student Walther Nernst were studying the Hall effect in bismuth, and noticed an unexpected perpendicular current flow when one side of the sample was heated.

Conversely, when applying a current (along the y-axis) and a perpendicular magnetic field (along the z-axis) a temperature gradient appears along the x-axis.

Due to the accumulation of electrons on one side of the sample, the number of collisions increases and a heating of the material occurs.

This effect is quantified by the Ettingshausen coefficient P, which is defined as: where ⁠dT/dx⁠ is the temperature gradient that results from the y-component Jy of an electric current density (in ⁠A/m2⁠) and the z-component Bz of a magnetic field.

In most metals like copper, silver and gold P is on the order of 10−16 m·K/(T·A) and thus difficult to observe in common magnetic fields.