The township's name may have been inspired by the town of Evesham in England[22] or possibly by a prominent English settler, Thomas Eves.

[20] On November 6, 1688, Evesham Township was established as 'Eversham' in the Province of West Jersey, preceding the formation of the county itself.

Geographically, the South Branch of the Rancocas on the east and Cropwell Creek on the west originally bounded this area.

[20] The moniker 'Marlton' traces its origins to the early 19th century and is derived from "marl," a naturally occurring mixture of green clay with shell remnants, which was used as a fertilizer.

In 1955, the United States Army opened the PH-32 Nike Ajax facility on a 38-acre (15 ha) on Tomlinson Mill Road.

This facility served as one of twelve defense installations protecting Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from potential aerial attacks during the Cold War.

[28] The base was decommissioned in the mid-1960s and subsequently served various purposes, including acting as a civil defense center.

[20] Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names partially or completely within the township include Berlin Heights,[citation needed] Cambridge Park,[citation needed] Cropwell, Crowfoot, Donlontown, Elmwood Road, Evans Corner, Evesboro, Gibbs Mill, Milford, Pine Grove and Tomlinsons Mill.

[48][49] Evesham Township operates within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Council-Manager plan 11 form of municipal government, as implemented as of July 1, 1983, based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission.

[56] As of 2024[update], the Mayor of Evesham Township is Democrat Jaclyn Veasy, whose term of office ends December 31, 2026.

Members of the Evesham Township Council are Deputy Mayor Ginamarie A. Espinoza (D, 2024), Heather Cooper (D, 2026), Eddie S. Freeman III (D, 2024) and Krystal Hunter (D, 2026; elected to serve an unexpired term).

[3][57][58][59] In October 2024, Krystal Hunter appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2026 that became vacant following the resignation of Patricia Hansen the previous month.

[61] On March 6, 2010, Democratic Mayor Randy Brown announced he was switching parties to become a Republican, citing philosophical disagreements.

[62] In November 2010, the Republican slate swept the township's first partisan elections, with Mayor Randy Brown and Councilmember Debbie Hackman winning re-election along with newcomer Steve Zeuli.

[63] Deputy Mayor Joe Howarth resigned from the council in December 2011 in advance of taking a seat on the Burlington County Board of Chosen Freeholders, with his council seat filled until November 2012 chosen from among prospective candidates selected by the local Republican committee.

[65] Robert DiEnna was chosen in September 2013 to fill the vacancy of Kurt Croft following his resignation.

[68][69][70] For the 119th United States Congress, New Jersey's 3rd congressional district is currently represented Herb Conaway (D, Delran Township).

[72] For the 2024-2025 session, the 8th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the New Jersey Senate by Latham Tiver (R, Southampton Township) and in the General Assembly by Andrea Katz (D, Chesterfield Township) and Michael Torrissi (R, Hammonton).

[73] Burlington County is governed by a Board of County Commissioners composed of five members who are chosen at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year; at an annual reorganization meeting, the board selects a director and deputy director from among its members to serve a one-year term.

[96] Among the township's 2010 Census population, 67.4% (vs. 61.7% in Burlington County) were registered to vote, including 87.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 80.3% countywide).

[104] The Evesham Township School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade.

[120][121] Students from Evesham Township, and from all of Burlington County, are eligible to attend the Burlington County Institute of Technology, a countywide public school district that serves the vocational and technical education needs of students at the high school and post-secondary level at its campuses in Medford and Westampton.

[130][131] NJ Transit provides bus service in the township on the 406 route that runs between Berlin and Philadelphia.