39, titled "The conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles", is an essay by James Madison, the thirty-ninth of The Federalist Papers, first published by The Independent Journal (New York) on January 16, 1788.

10, had decided why factions cannot be controlled by pure democracy: A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual.

The poor were treated as outcasts, not as members of society, and were kept at a level of political immaturity rendering them mute at public meetings.

In Madison's view every individual enjoys an absolute right, one of many divinely-bestowed endowments, notwithstanding his or her political, economic, historical, or social standing to be treated equally by, and exercise the right to an equal say (vis-a-vis all citizens) with regard to the nature of the government and authority of any Republic under which he or she is subordinated.

From early in the Constitutional Convention, Madison held the position that the national government should be federal because if it were more extensive in relation to the states, that would increase the "probability of duration, happiness and good order".