Fen-meadow

A fen-meadow is a type of peatland, common in North America and Europe, that receives water from precipitation and groundwater.

[1] Fen meadows have been severely impacted by farming, resulting in hydrological changes, acidification, and nutrient pollution, leaving few preserved into the 21st century.

Even after acidified topsoil has been removed and replaced, native species reintroduced, and groundwater sources restored or purified, fen meadows are unable to return to their natural state.

Without proper drainage mechanisms in place, the water will provide correct amounts of nutrients and minerals but drown the vegetation in the area.

Although most fens do not ever return to the natural state that requires no human upkeep, maintenance can be slowly reduced over time.