It has also been proposed that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response.

For example, a lithopedion is a rare phenomenon which occurs most commonly when a fetus dies during an abdominal pregnancy,[5] is too large to be reabsorbed by the body, and calcifies.

The end stage of the foreign body reaction is the fibrous capsule formation around the implanted biomaterial.

[9] The composition and conformation of adsorbed proteins on the implant surface is critical to the foreign body reaction.

Platelets from the blood-biomaterial interaction release inflammatory cytokines that cause monocytes and macrophages to extravasate and migrate to the implant site.

[11] Foreign body giant cell formation depends on the biomaterial surface properties and on the presence of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13.

[11] Foreign body giant cells release reactive oxygen intermediates, degradative enzymes, and acid onto the biomaterial surface.

[11] Adherent macrophages and foreign body giant cells degrade biomaterials and can lead to device failure.

[13] Thicker cylindrical implants on the millimeter scale were shown to produce greater fibrous encapsulation.

[14] The sustained release of certain anti-inflammatory drugs from the biomaterial, such as dexamethasone, is shown to increase implant life by preventing inflammation and fibrosis.

[13] Commonly used biomaterials like polyethylene glycol and polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate resist nonspecific protein adsorption but are easily degraded in the in vivo oxidative environment.

[13] Zwitterionic polymers have the ability to reduce nonspecific adsorption of proteins and cells at biological interfaces.

Nazarova and coworkers synthesized MPC copolymers with 2-methacrylamido-D-glucose, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and N-vinyl-N-methyl-acetamide and grafted them onto the surface of carbon fibre biosorbent using γ-radiation.

[13] There are a few triazole-containing alginate derivative microspheres that remain clear of fibrotic deposition in mice, but more studies are required to explore the relationship between triazole groups and the inflammatory response.