[4] He completed his studies at the London School of Economics and has worked in several universities, at home and abroad.
[5] His research since the 1970s has centred on information and communications trends, and has included conceptual analysis and critique, as well as studies of higher education, the effects of advanced technologies on libraries, urban change, and new media.
He has more recently worked on Information War and was involved in researching Internet Activism by examining the anti-war movement and its adoption of ICTs.
[6] A book from this project appeared in 2008 titled, Anti-War Activism: New Media and Protest in the Information Age (Palgrave), written with Kevin Gillan and Jenny Pickerill.
He has resisted the view that the Information society is radically new, insisting on the primacy of continuities and consolidations of established trends.