[2] During World War II, he served in the United States Army Air Forces.
[2] After the war, he worked on a classified project at MIT in mechanized document encoding and search.
[1] In 1955, he helped found the Center for Documentation Communication Research at Western Reserve University.
[3] This was "the first academic program in the field of mechanized information retrieval, first using cards, then utilizing new reel-to-reel tape technology.
In 1959, he wrote an article for Harper's magazine entitled, "A Machine That Does Research" which provided one of the first insights in mainstream media about how Americans' lives can change due to electronic information technology.