During this time, the Great Powers in the Arab World and Middle East began removing institutions for economic development after some positive advancement became evident.

These state-led initiatives set the standard for what the people expected of their government, including the regulation of imports, industrial investment, commodity distribution, production supervision.

[4] Politicians and government bodies were forced to respond to the demands of groups who were directly affected by the initiative changes and withdrawals.

The Free Officers Committee enlisted General Muhammad Naguib as a public figurehead in preparation for the successful coup of 23 July 1952.

Anwar Sadat, in his autobiography "In Search of an Identity," described how the Free Officers movement attempted to defect to the Nazis in advance of the Battle of El Alamein.

"[7] The plan was stifled when the Germans failed to recognize the sign of friendship and shot down the British warplane, a Gloster Gladiator, killing the pilot.

These were the terms of the treaty dictated by me and flown to El Alamein on board the aircraft piloted by Ahmed Saudi Hussein.

That day Hassan Ibrahim’s aircraft was scheduled to be on alert; he gave it to Saudi, who flew it as though on a regular patrol but headed for El Alamein.

The Allied victory at the Battle of Alamein put the question to rest and Sadat and other imprisoned Free Officers were granted leniency.

The revolutionaries publicised the need for reform and social justice, marched on Cairo and forced King Farouk to abdicate his throne.

In 1963 some of the same officers aligned themselves with the Ba'ath Party and overthrew the government of Abd al-Karim Qasim, who was killed by the organizers of the coup.

The name was consciously assumed by the Free Officers and Civilians Movement, led by Brigadier-General Najib al-Salihi who opposed Saddam Hussein.