Friction welding
The process is used with the addition of a lateral force called "upset" to plastically displace and fuse the materials.
[4] W. Richter patented the method of linear friction welding (LFW) process in 1924[5] in England and 1929[5] in the Weimar Republic.
[5] In the United States, Caterpillar Inc. and Manufacturing Technology Inc. (MTI) developed an inertia process in 1962.
[3][5] In Europe, KUKA AG and Thompson launched rotary friction welding for industrial applications in 1966,[6] developed a direct-drive process, and in 1974,[6] built the rRS6 double spindle machine for heavy truck axles.
Klimenko in the mid-1960s and patented in 1967,[7] experimentally proven and developed into a commercial technology at The Welding Institute (TWI) in the United Kingdom and patented again in 1991: the friction stir welding (FSW) process,[8] is a solid-state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two facing workpieces without melting the workpiece material.
For example, an ultra-fine grain structure of alloy or metal which is obtained by techniques such as severe plastic deformation[22] is desirable, and not changed by the high temperature, a large heat affected zone is unnecessary.
For example, in steel between austenite, ferrite, pearlite, bainite,[24] cementite, and martensite, (See: Iron-carbon phase diagram).
Technically, the WCZ and the TMAZ are both "thermo-mechanically affected zones"; due to the different microstructures they possess, they are often considered separately.
From ISO's (the International Organization for Standardization) - ISO 15620:2019(en) Welding — Friction welding of metallic materials: axial force - force in axial direction between components to be welded, burn-off length - loss of length during the friction phase, burn-off rate - rate of shortening of the components during the friction welding process, component - single item before welding, component induced braking - reduction in rotational speed resulting from friction between the interfaces, external braking - braking located externally reducing the rotational speed, faying surface - surface of one component that is to be in contact with a surface of another component to form a joint, forge force - force applied normal to the faying surfaces at the time when relative movement between the components is ceasing or has ceased, forge burn-off length - amount by which the overall length of the components is reduced during the application of the forge force, forge phase - interval time in the friction welding cycle between the start and finish of application of the forge force, forge pressure - pressure (force per unit area) on the faying surfaces resulting from the axial forge force, forge time - time for which the forge force is applied to the components, friction force - force applied perpendicularly to the faying surfaces during the time that there is relative movement between the components, friction phase - interval time in the friction welding cycle in which the heat necessary for making a weld is generated by relative motion and the friction forces between the components i.e. from contact of components to the start of deceleration, friction pressure - pressure (force per unit area) on the faying surfaces resulting from the axial friction force, friction time - time during which relative movement between the components takes place at rotational speed and under application of the friction forces, interface - contact area developed between the faying surfaces after completion of the welding operation, rotational speed - number of revolutions per minute of rotating component stick-out - distance a component sticks out from the fixture, or chuck in the direction of the mating component, deceleration phase - interval in the friction welding cycle in which the relative motion of the components is decelerated to zero, deceleration time - time required by the moving component to decelerate from friction speed to zero speed, total length loss (upset) - loss of length that occurs as a result of friction welding, i.e. the sum of the burn-off length and the forge burn-off length, total weld time - time elapsed between component contact and end of forging phase, welding cycle - succession of operations carried out by the machine to make a weldment and return to the initial position, excluding component-handling operations, weldment - two or more components joined by welding.
