[1] Back in the 18th century when this territory was free of foreign rule its western part, corresponding to the Chilean Coast Range and its foothills was inhabited by so-called Cuncos while proper Huilliches lived in the flatlands of the eastern portion corresponding to the Central Valley.
[1] After the destruction of Osorno in 1602 Futahuillimapu and the whole area between Valdivia and the settlements of Calbuco and Carelmapu remained independent indigenous territory closed to the Spanish.
[3] In the mid-19th century these settlers were joined by new ones from Germany whom the Huilliche called leupe lonko (blond heads).
[3] Loss of lands by the Huilliche in the 19th century was often related to scams, language barriers, and the decline of legal framework, such as the comisario de naciones, that protected indigenous interest.
[3] As result of Chilean and German settlers settling around Bueno River in the 19th century, Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno.