George Chapman Caldwell (August 14, 1834 – September 7, 1907) was an American chemist, horticulturalist, and instructor.

Jacob Caldwell (Unitarian) and Mary Ann Patch, in 1851 he matriculated to Harvard University where he studied at the Lawrence Scientific School.

[4] A number of graduates of the department, among whom were students of Dr. Caldwell, became notable soil scientists.

[6] He became head of the newly founded Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1879.

[3] He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was elected vice president in 1881.