He was the first Indian to reach the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, achieved in 1939 where he lost to second-seeded and eventual champion Bobby Riggs.

Khan played his first tournament in 1932 at the India International Championships where he lost in the fourth round to the Italian player Emanuele Sertorio.

Following that win he then picked up the Hastings and St. Leonard's-on-Sea Tournament title against New Zealand player Dennis Cameron Coombe.

In 1947 he won the Middlesex Championships at Chiswick Park, London, the same year he also won the Bury and West Suffolk Tournament against the American player Richard Colby at Bury St Edmunds, and the Hull Open at Kingston upon Hull, and was a losing finalist at the North of England Championships in Scarborough against Ignacy Tloczynski.

For this efforts in the realm of sports Mohammad Khan received the Padma Shri award from the Government of India in 1971.