Goliath transmitter

[1][2] Submarines are shielded by conducting seawater from ordinary radio communication frequencies, but radio waves in the very low frequency (VLF) band from 3 to 30 kHz can penetrate seawater to depths of about 50 ft (15 m), allowing submarines to receive communications without surfacing and becoming vulnerable to detection.

Transmitting up to 1 megawatt of power, Goliath's transmissions could be received worldwide including submerged submarines in the Caribbean, but had difficulty penetrating Norwegian fjords.

[3][4][5] Goliath used three umbrella antennas, which were arranged radially around three 210 m (690 ft) tall guyed steel tube masts and were insulated against the ground.

[6] Shortly after World War II, the Goliath transmitter buildings and antennas were reportedly dismantled by the Soviet Union.

The antenna system of Vileyka VLF transmitter greatly resembles that of Goliath, but all its masts are about 100 metres taller.