In commutative and homological algebra, the grade of a finitely generated module
over a Noetherian ring
is a cohomological invariant defined by vanishing of Ext-modules[1]
= inf
{\displaystyle {\textrm {grade}}\,M={\textrm {grade}}_{R}\,M=\inf \left\{i\in \mathbb {N} _{0}:{\textrm {Ext}}_{R}^{i}(M,R)\neq 0\right\}.}
the grade is defined via the quotient ring viewed as a module over
= inf
{\displaystyle {\textrm {grade}}\,I={\textrm {grade}}_{R}\,I={\textrm {grade}}_{R}\,R/I=\inf \left\{i\in \mathbb {N} _{0}:{\textrm {Ext}}_{R}^{i}(R/I,R)\neq 0\right\}.}
The grade is used to define perfect ideals.
In general we have the inequality
dim (
{\displaystyle {\textrm {grade}}_{R}\,I\leq {\textrm {proj}}\dim(R/I)}
where the projective dimension is another cohomological invariant.
The grade is tightly related to the depth, since
{\displaystyle {\textrm {grade}}_{R}\,I={\textrm {depth}}_{I}(R).}
{\displaystyle {\textrm {grade}}_{M}\,I=\inf \left\{i\in \mathbb {N} _{0}:{\textrm {Ext}}_{R}^{i}(R/I,M)\neq 0\right\}.}
This notion is tied to the existence of maximal
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