[7] For instance, hypervelocity stars, which are ejected from their galaxies, are often a result of gravitational scattering involving massive objects like black holes.
[3] In more extreme cases, close interactions between compact objects, such as black holes, can lead to the emission of gravitational waves, detectable by instruments like the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).
[11] In the case of the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune may have been gravitationally scattered onto larger orbits by close encounters with Jupiter and/or Saturn.
[8][4] Systems of exoplanets can undergo similar dynamical instabilities following the dissipation of the gas disk that alter their orbits and in some cases result in planets being ejected or colliding with the star.
[13] As in the Nice model, systems of exoplanets with an outer disk of planetesimals can also undergo dynamical instabilities following resonance crossings during planetesimal-driven migration.