On completing his preliminary education at Hamburg he studied at the universities of Halle and Göttingen.
He first engaged in agriculture, then in business, and then entered the Austrian army, rising to the rank of first lieutenant.
In 1847 he founded in Vienna Das Fremdenblatt, a periodical that became the official organ of the Austrian Foreign Office.
After his wife's death he was briefly engaged to Countess Bertha Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau, who later became first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, but she broke off an engagement before the marriage occurred.
One of his sons, Maximilian (Max) Freiherr von Heine-Geldern (1849–1929), wrote under the name "Heldern", and was the author of the libretto to the operetta Mirolan.