Gustaw Manteuffel (Latvian: Gustavs Manteifels; 18 November 1831 – 24 April 1916) was a Polish historian and ethnologist, descended from a noble family with German roots, who was active in the territory of Livonia.

Gustaw Manteuffel was born in the estate of a polonized Livonian noble family with German roots, Manteuffel-Szoege, in the territory of Latgale (also known as Polish Livonia), which was part of the Russian Empire since the First Partition of Poland (1772).

Immediately after his studies, Manteuffel began writing and publishing moralistic booklets, mainly of a religious nature in the Latgallian dialect of the Latvian language, intended for the common people.

However, these works are marked by the views of the author, who emphasizes the positive role for the Baltic countries of the Western European colonization mission carried out by the Catholic Church, the Teutonic Order and the Livonian nobility.

In his works, he is averse to the protestant reformation, but instead emphasizes the importance of uniting parts of Livonia with Poland, as well as the Polonization of the Livonian nobility, as a dam against the pressure of Russian culture of the East.