[3] Sultan Hashim requested British help in the late 19th century to stop Rajah Charles Brooke's territorial expansions, which resulted in the 1888 Protectorate Agreement.

Aware of Brunei's request for assistance from the Ottoman Empire, the British sent Malcolm McArthur to handle matters related to governance, which resulted in the 1905–1906 Supplementary Agreement.

Despite the controversy, Pengiran Anak Hashim faced severe criticism from the British, particularly from Admiral Thomas Cochrane, who disparaged him as having a "worthless character" and linked him to piracy.

However, Pengiran Anak Hashim also had supporters among British officials like Sir Spenser St. John, who viewed him as a capable and intelligent leader despite his contentious actions.

The foundation for his future claim to the throne following Sultan Abdul Momin's rule was laid by this marriage, which enhanced his political status and maintained a balance of power within Brunei's royal hierarchy.

Peter Leys, the British Consul General, put diplomatic demands on Sultan Abdul Momin in 1882 to give Sarawak ownership of Baram.

Pengiran Temenggong Anak Hashim rashly gave Sarawak Trusan and Limbang without the Sultan's consent in 1884, when the company leased the Padas area for $3,000 a year.

Aware of his advanced age and abiding by his religious obligation, he gave the chiefs his parting counsel (nasihat) and required them to swear an oath (Amanat or Umanat) to keep no more Brunei regions from coming under foreign control.

The awarding of several traditional titles to ministers was a noteworthy feature of the coronation, particularly the resuscitation of the Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Rae Wal-Mashuarah, which highlighted the Wazir's significance in the court.

All things considered, the coronation demonstrated the continuity and importance of Brunei's traditions, not only commemorating Hashim's succession but also reaffirming the country's rich cultural legacy and ceremonial customs.

[19] Upon his ascension to the throne, he decided to not to appoint a replacement for his previous position in office of Pengiran Temenggong which left three other Wazirs, thus improving his income and finances.

[20] The Amanat was of great assistance to Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam, who, in spite of his prior violations, took action to protect Brunei's surviving areas upon his coronation in 1885.

In the hopes of improving the relations between the Sultan and the White Rajahs to settle the conflict in Limbang, he leased the settlement of Punang Terusan to Sarawak in 1885.

Due to his decision, the people of Limbang protested and refused to pay their taxes in which was taken advantage of by both the British Consul General Peter Leys and Rajah Charles Brooke.

[23] Sultan Hashim signed the Treaty of Protection with Sir Hugh Low of Great Britain to prevent further loss of Bruneian territories.

The British Foreign Office (FO) approved the annexation despite Brunei's protests and its geographical and economic concerns, creating a pattern that was hard to reverse.

Sultan Hashim, disillusioned by Britain's actions, expressed his dismay to King Edward VII in 1902, highlighting Brunei's vulnerable state.

They all seem to help Sarawak and to try to hand over my country to Sarawak.Without a doubt, Brunei experienced intense foreign pressure as well as domestic turmoil at this crucial time.

[25] By early 1901, violence erupted once again in Tutong, prompting the FO to reassess its strategy in resolving the Brunei dispute amidst escalating tensions.

[25] This crisis served as the final blow in the gradual dismantling of the sultanate, viewed by many in British circles through a lens heavily influenced by pro-Brooke perspectives.

These perceptions painted Brunei as politically unstable and economically weak, casting doubt on Sultan Hashim's leadership and the kingdom's future prospects.

Despite facing unjust accusations stemming from past mistakes and resisting British influence, Sultan Hashim steadfastly defended Brunei's independence amid financial pressures on the royal family, exacerbated by historical errors like involving James Brooke.

[32] Tragedy struck in 1904 when a smallpox epidemic claimed the lives of the newlywed couple and their infant, dashing hopes of reconciliation between the Sultan and his Pengiran Bendahara.

The Sultan trusted Edmund Roberts, who was plotting against him although pretending to be loyal, and he was given the title of Dato to serve as an advisor in Brunei's State Council.

Because it was not in constant communication and only made occasional trips to Brunei, the Labuan-based British Consulate system had proven unable to keep an eye on the country.

McArthur's choice to stay longer in Brunei helped him establish a close relationship with the Sultan, who valued his attempts to learn about the palace and its populace.

This event demonstrated Sultan Hashim's attempts to protect Brunei's sovereignty through international accords and strategic alliances, and it represented an important diplomatic victory.

[40] Brunei's Wazirs lost much of their traditional authority under British rule, especially as a result of land reforms that denied them basic means of subsistence.

Following 1906, the Sultan's status among his ministers and his symbolic position as head of state were enhanced, even if his direct political authority declined in comparison to the British Resident's all-encompassing control over the administrative, judicial, and legislative branches of government.

Due to their importance for the manufacture of antimony in Sarawak, sago in Mukah, and subsistence in Limbang, these lands were lost, plunging Brunei into extreme poverty and having an impact on both the palace and the populace.