[4] A 2023 article presents full genomes from both species, unambiguously showing their genetic distance, which amounts to 1 million years of separate evolution.

By day 14, adult male and female worms contact in the lumen of the intestine, mate, and produce eggs that are passed in the faeces, thus continuing the lifecycle.

[9] Natural infection intensity displays high variability in wood mice, ranging from none to 244 adult worms per mouse.

Parasite occurrence appears to positively correlate with weight and age of the mouse, showing an increase in prevalence in older, heavier mice.

Infection was also seasonally regulated in the wood mouse population, with highest prevalence of infection/worm burden intensity occurring in early spring and reaching their lowest values in late summer/early autumn.

[6] Upon infection with H. polygyrus, innate and adaptive host immune responses are generated to prevent the establishment of the parasite in the gut.

[10] Macrophages are activated through Th2 cytokines and they are important in parasite clearance by increase intestinal motility and to induce fibrosis and healing.

[6] The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, and lamina propria lymphocytes induce a strong Th2 immune response by producing different cytokines (Interleukin 3, IL4, IL5, IL9, IL10, and IL13), which are important in controlling and expelling worms.

[7] In the humoral arm of immunity, parasite-specific IgG1 plays a greater role in protection during infection, and IgA has been shown to have a minor effect.

[12] Another factor might be the production of H. p. bakeris alarmin release inhibitor (A0A3P7XL18), an IL-33-suppressive 26-kDa Sushi domain protein, inhibiting processing of IL33 into its active form.

Hp-TGM has been shown to induce populations of regulatory T cells in mice that had increased stability in the presence of inflammation in vivo.

[6] Furthermore, a cocktail of H. p. bakeri excretory-secretory antigens can be collected, and administered to mice in the presence of alum to induce sterilizing immunity before infection.