History of education in China
Establishment of the imperial examinations (advocated in the Warring States period, originated in Han, founded in Tang) was instrumental in the transition from an aristocratic to a meritocratic government.
During the late Autumn and Spring period, such schools had become commonplace throughout the Zhou dynasty, but the power of the central government was slowly giving way to local warlords.
In 124 BC, The Origins of Statecraft in China was set up to turn out civil servants for the state, which taught the Five Classics of Confucianism.
Especially in the Song dynasty (960–1279), the imperial examination become the most fundamental and important ancient Chinese political and educational system.
The function of a professional bureaucracy in ancient Chinese higher education served the imperial examination system.
[citation needed] Education during the Qing dynasty was dominated by provincial academies, which did not charge tuition fees and gave stipends to preselected students.
In response, the Qing embarked on a self-strengthening movement, founding the Tongwen Guan in 1861, which hired foreign teachers to teach European languages, mathematics, astronomy and chemistry.
[9] It opened schools for adults and children (both male and female) in which locally produced textbooks were used and led literacy campaigns.
[11]: 57 After the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the CCP brought the educational system under national control.
[7]: 91–92 U.S.-style universities for elites were re-organized into Soviet-style institutions for peasants and workers, with a greater focus on practical skills than theoretical knowledge.
[16]: 74 Per the 1949-1954 Common Program, Chinese students were required to participate in a nationwide study movement on political history and concepts, including new democracy.
[16]: 231 In July of that year, the Ministry of Education required that foreign languages (primarily English) be taught at the older grades of elementary schools.
[16]: 231 In the 1960s, Mao Zedong viewed the Chinese education system as hampered by a formalism that wasted young people's talents.
[18] Mao proposed reducing the number of school years so that teaching could be combined with activities in fields like agriculture, industry, military service, and politics.
[21]: 105 In the early stages of the Cultural Revolution, shiying kebei (trial textbooks) heavily weighted towards practical knowledge such as operating machinery or pumps proliferated.
[7]: 100 Among their tasks was to work with peasants and workers revise foreign language dictionaries, eliminating aspects that were deemed "serious capitalist perspectives.
[26] Rusticated youths surged to take the examinations, eager to pick up the studies they had left off during the chaotic Cultural Revolution period.
[30]: vi Since 2000, higher education has experienced a boom in China, with many universities and colleges being built in periurban areas.
[31]: 99 The major focus of the campaign was within education, and text books were revised to reduce narratives of class struggle and to emphasize the party's role in ending the century of humiliation.
[31]: 99 As part of the campaign, Patriotic Education Bases were established, and schools ranging from primary to the college levels were required to take students to sites of significance to the Chinese Communist Revolution.
[33]: 69 Since the 1990s the Soviet model has been largely abolished in China, with many universities expanding or merging with others to provide more comprehensive education in parallel with specialized technical training.
[37]: 137–138 In 2014, the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party and State Council of the People's Republic of China issued guidance on strengthening ideological education in colleges and universities.
[16]: 332 In 2017, Chinese universities and regional governments began establishing centers for the study of Xi Jinping Thought on ecological civilization.
[20]: 89 In 2021, the government shutdown private tutoring for schoolchildren based on the rationale that rising educational costs were antithetical to the goals of common prosperity.
[40]: 155 Schools must also promote health by requiring outdoor physical education classes daily and providing eye examinations twice per term.
[40]: 156 In 2021, the government shutdown private tutoring for schoolchildren based on the rationale that rising educational costs were antithetical to the goals of common prosperity.
Šarḥ al-laṭā'if (شرح اللطائف) Liu Zhi's The Philosophy of Arabia 天方性理 (Tianfang Xingli) Arabic translation by (Muḥammad Nūr al-Ḥaqq ibn Luqmān as-Ṣīnī) (محمد نور الحق إبن لقمان الصيني), the Arabic name of Ma Lianyuan.
[citation needed] Muslim Kuomintang officials in the Republic of China government supported the Chengda Teachers Academy, which helped usher in a new era of Islamic education in China, promoting nationalism and Chinese language among Muslims, and fully incorporating them into the main aspects of Chinese society.
[62][63][64][65] Na Zhong, a descendant of Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) was another one of the students sent to Al-Azhar in 1931, along with Zhang Ziren, Ma Jian, and Lin Zhongming.
[75][needs update] China does not enforce the law against children attending Mosques on non-Uyghurs in areas outside of Xinjiang.
