Hochdorf is situated about 30 km southeast of Stuttgart in the northwestern foothills of the Swabian Jura and just south of the Schurwald.

The municipality extends between Plochingen (west) and Kirchheim unter Teck (south) in the valley of the Talbach, shortly before it converges with the Fils.

Adjacent municipalities are Ebersbach (Göppingen district) in the east, Notzingen in the south, Wernau in the west, Plochingen in the northwest and Reichenbach an der Fils in the north (all Esslingen district).

The Kinderhaus am Talbach and the forest kindergarten "Die Waldmäuse" are operated by the Protestant Church.

The Kinderhaus "Im Hof" is managed by the municipality of Hochdorf and exclusively offers full-day places.