Homoclinic orbit

In the study of dynamical systems, a homoclinic orbit is a path through phase space which joins a saddle equilibrium point to itself.

More precisely, a homoclinic orbit lies in the intersection of the stable manifold and the unstable manifold of an equilibrium.

It is a heteroclinic orbit–a path between any two equilibrium points–in which the endpoints are one and the same.

Consider the continuous dynamical system described by the ordinary differential equation Suppose there is an equilibrium at

is a homoclinic orbit if If the phase space has three or more dimensions, then it is important to consider the topology of the unstable manifold of the saddle point.

First, when the stable manifold is topologically a cylinder, and secondly, when the unstable manifold is topologically a Möbius strip; in this case the homoclinic orbit is called twisted.

Homoclinic orbits and homoclinic points are defined in the same way for iterated functions, as the intersection of the stable set and unstable set of some fixed point or periodic point of the system.

We also have the notion of homoclinic orbit when considering discrete dynamical systems.

[1] This comes from its definition: the intersection of a stable and unstable set.

Both sets are invariant by definition, which means that the forward iteration of the homoclinic point is both on the stable and unstable set.

By iterating N times, the map approaches the equilibrium point by the stable set, but in every iteration it is on the unstable manifold too, which shows this property.

This property suggests that complicated dynamics arise by the existence of a homoclinic point.

Indeed, Smale (1967)[2] showed that these points leads to horseshoe map like dynamics, which is associated with chaos.

By using the Markov partition, the long-time behaviour of a hyperbolic system can be studied using the techniques of symbolic dynamics.

In this case, a homoclinic orbit has a particularly simple and clear representation.

The dynamics of a point x is then represented by a bi-infinite string of symbols A periodic point of the system is simply a recurring sequence of letters.

simply denotes the repetition of p an infinite number of times.

By contrast, a homoclinic orbit can be written as with the intermediate sequence