The community was incorporated in 1765 by Governor Benning Wentworth,[4] predating the establishment of counties in the colonial province.

In 1808, the town competed for the coveted position of state capital, but was defeated by neighboring Concord.

A substantial portion of the town in the north was named "Contoocook Village", for a tribe of the Pennacook people who once lived there.

Due to its position along the Contoocook River, it became a center for water-powered industry, particularly lumber and textiles.

The highest point in town is Shaker Hill, on the border with Henniker, with an elevation of 923 feet (281 m) above sea level.

In the New Hampshire Senate, Hopkinton is in the 15th District, represented by Democrat Becky Whitley.

On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Hopkinton is in the 2nd District, represented by Democrat Cinde Warmington.

Kindergarten through third-grade students attend Harold Martin School in Hopkinton village, and fourth through sixth graders attend Maple Street School in Contoocook village.