This migration stops once an HD molecule is added resulting in a lower energy level.
[4] Clampitt and Gowland found clusters with an odd number of hydrogen atoms H+3+2n[5] and later showed that H+15 was relatively stable.
[6] Hiroka studied the stability of the odd numbered clusters in gas up to H+21.
[10] This turnstile structured molecule was computationally found to be more energetically stable than a ring of five hydrogen atoms around a proton.
[9] Hydrogen molecular ion clusters can be formed through different kinds of ionizing radiation.
High energy electrons capable of ionizing the material can perform this task.
[12] Positive ion clusters are also formed when compressed hydrogen expands though a nozzle.
Lithium deuteride (LiD) is a potential starter material for generating the ions.