Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells grow in the hypopharynx (also known as the laryngopharynx) the area where the larynx and esophagus meet.

[1] It first forms in the outer layer (epithelium) of the hypopharynx (last part of the pharynx), which is split into three areas.

These alterations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, a gene that causes cancer after exposure to a carcinogen.

The chewing tobacco is placed into the mouth, leaving it exposed to enzymes, like amylase, which partly digests the carcinogenic material.

Alcohol damages the lining of the hypopharynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes.

[6] A disease called Plummer–Vinson syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes a long-term iron deficiency, may also lead to hypopharyngeal cancer.

[3] Stage II (2) T2: the tumor has grown to affect more than one area of the hypopharynx and is between 2 and 4 centimeters with no lymph node involvement and no metastasis.

T4: the tumor is affecting different areas outside of the hypopharynx, starting with the throat and moving towards the spine and chest cavity.

The doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes and may look down the patient's throat with a long handled mirror.

[1] Inserted into the nose or mouth of the patient, this uses a thin fiberoptic camera that allows the doctor to see directly down the throat.

[1] These tests will give doctors a detailed cross-sectional image of the area in question in the body.

[1] Treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer depends on the prognosis (chance of recovery), age, stage, and general health of the patient.