[2][9] Advances in imaging technologies, and molecular diagnostics, have significantly improved the accuracy of diagnoses in the CNS, and made possible effective targeted therapies.

MRI helps identify the tumor's location, size, and potential impact on surrounding structures.

[13] Histopathological examination determines the tumor type, grade, and molecular characteristics, which are critical for guiding treatment decisions.

[14] In some cases, a liquid biopsy by way of a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be performed to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The presence of tumor markers or abnormal cells in the CSF can provide diagnostic information that complements imaging and biopsy findings.

[15] Nervous system neoplasms vary in incidence and type based on factors such as age, tumor origin, and malignancy.

[10] The distribution and behavior of nervous system neoplasms differ significantly between adults and children.

Gliomas are more frequent and aggressive in adults, while certain benign tumors like pilocytic astrocytomas are more common in children.

Notably, adults are more likely to develop secondary (metastatic) tumors that spread to the nervous system from cancers originating in other parts of the body.