Ice calving

[2] Calving of glaciers is often accompanied by a loud cracking or booming sound[3] before blocks of ice up to 60 metres (200 ft) high break loose and crash into the water.

[4] The waves formed in locations like Johns Hopkins Glacier can be so large that boats cannot approach closer than three kilometres (1+1⁄2 nautical miles).

Many glaciers terminate at oceans or freshwater lakes which results naturally[5] with the calving of large numbers of icebergs.

Melting at the waterline is an important second order calving process as it undercuts the subaerial ice, leading to collapse.

Other second order processes include tidal and seismic events, buoyant forces and melt water wedging.

Thus, a third order process is defined, whereby upward buoyant forces cause this ice foot to break off and emerge at the surface.

Variables used in models include properties of the ice such as thickness, density, temperature, c-axis fabric, and impurity loading.

After over 2 decades of anticipation and study, the "tooth" finally calved on Sept. 26, 2019, forming a 1,636 sq km (632 sq mi), 315 billion tonne iceberg known as D-28 [16] The largest observed calving of an ice island happened at Ward Hunt Ice Shelf.

[18] This large ice shelf, located in the Weddell Sea, extending along the east coast of Antarctic Peninsula, consists of three segments, two of which have calved.

Also known as the Ilulissat Glacier or Sermeq Kujalleq in western Greenland, in an ongoing event, 35 billion tonnes of icebergs calve off and pass out of the fjord every year.

First conceived in 1995 by Ryan Casey while filming for IMAX, this sport involves a surfer being towed into range by a jet ski and waiting for a mass of ice to calve from a glacier.