Likewise, Michel Picard and Robert Wood's who edited volume Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies (1997, University of Hawaii Press), examined the ways in which tourism intersections with ethnic, cultural, regional and national identities, as well as with the political agendas of Pacific island and Southeast Asian states.
Case studies of tourism and identity include Edward Bruner's[16] 2001 article "The Masai and the Lion King: Authenticity, Nationalism and Globalization in African Tourism",[17] which examines how various Kenyan tourist sites entail displays of particular identities ("Masai" "Colonialist" etc.)
and how tourists' engagements with these identity displays are varied, nuanced and complex, articulating with their own narratives, sensibilities about African heritage and quests.
[20] A 2011 edited volume by Burns and Novelli also offers a number of case studies on the topic of tourism and social identities.
[21] Alyssa Cymene Howe studied how identity tourism interacted in the San Francisco queer space in the 90s.
She found that tourism created, for both tourists and residents of San Francisco, a sense of group identity.
The creation of the "Queer Homeland" of San Francisco owes part of its identity to tourism as a practice itself.
[23] In 2011, an edited volume on Tourism Social Media: Transformations in Identity, Community, and Culture by hospitality and business school scholars highlights some of these issues.
[24] Moreover, there are various programs and applications, such as chat rooms, forums, MUDs, MOOs, and MMORPGs, among others where a user is allowed to establish an identity in that particular space.
Therefore, the same way people today use cyberspace to shop, entertain and date, Ziyed Guelmami and François Nicolle state that it can also be a platform to construct identity.
[28] An individual may also come from a very conservative family but through social media platforms like Twitter, they are able to explore various conversations like those related to dressing choice, something that she might not be able to access in her real life.
Through cyberspace, curious individuals have been able to access the information, adopted extremism as their identity and even traveled to the Islamic State to live the Jihad life.
Nakamura describes the cartoon as celebrating the internet's ability as a social leveler, which allows anyone, even dogs, to freely self-represent themselves in any way, shape or form.
For example, today, an interface can be built and allow more direct interaction of users with facilities and other services or product offered by the tourist destination.