[15] According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the National University of Educational Planning and Administration under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14.

[21] As of 2018[update], the high courts of Punjab and Haryana were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English,[22] and the Madras High Court has been taking steps to use Tamil alongside English.

The earliest of these is Indlish (recorded from 1962), and others include Indiglish (1974), Indenglish (1979), Indglish (1984), Indish (1984), Inglish (1985) and Indianlish (2007).

Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English.

[27][28][29][30] Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and Western numbering for foreign currencies like dollars and pounds,[31] although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes.

These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles.

English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during the rule of the British East India Company.

Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India.

Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965.

By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language.

For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.

[34] While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite,[35] because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population.

[36] In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into Bhutan due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s.

[39] The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as Bollywood, incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well.

Thus, the following scale is used: (arab and kharab are not commonly used today) Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one trillion).

[68] Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include: Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow the British style, e.g., using travelling, litre, practise (as a verb), anaesthesia, fulfil, catalogue, realise and colour, rather than the American style.

Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for the most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): Rousseau A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies (1804), Wilkins Glossary to the Fifth Report (1813), Stocqueler The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge (1844), Elliot A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J (1845), Brown The Zillah Dictionary in the Roman Character (1852), Carnegy Kutcherry Technicalities (1853) and its second edition Kachahri Technicalities (1877), Wilson Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (1855), Giles A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East (1878), Whitworth Anglo-Indian Dictionary (1885), Temple A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land (1897), and Crooke Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India (1906).

Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs (1991), Muthiah Words in Indian English (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1996) and Hankin Hanklyn-Janklin (2003).

[needs update] Wikipedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'.